Comparison of Dinit with other supervision / init systems
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This is intended to be an objective description of the differences between Dinit and several
other similar software packages. Due to a myriad of details, it is difficult to provide a very
meaningful comparison without going into great detail (which this document does not). It does,
however, serve as a short survey of service supervision and init systems, and provides a starting
point for understanding the unique features of, and ideas embodied in, the Dinit system and some
of its alternatives.


Tenets of Dinit's design
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Before comparing with other systems, it's important to understand that Dinit is designed with
certain basic principles in mind:


1. Robustness (including allocation robustness)

Dinit is intended to be able to be used as an "init" process, the special process that runs with
PID 1 and is the first user-space process launched by the kernel (details may vary according to
operating system). An important attribute of an init is that it is robust - that is, it doesn't
crash or otherwise terminate, even in situations where many other programs might. The reason for
this is that a terminating init process may cause the kernel to panic, and crash the whole system.

One situation that Dinit must be able to handle robustly is memory allocation failure, i.e.
running out of memory. Many programs do not handle this gracefully, assuming that allocation will
always succeed, or that immediate termination is a reasonable outcome in the event of allocation
failure. Dinit instead may fail a particular operation, but should never terminate due to
allocation failure. 

Exhaustion of resources other than memory (such as file descriptors) needs to be handled
similarly. Various Dinit operations try to pre-allocate resources, where possible, to avoid
getting stuck in a situation where an important operation is only partially completed (for
example: once Dinit starts a service process, it is *always* able to monitor that process). Dinit
maintains a log buffer to avoid losing log messages when the logging daemon is overloaded or not
yet started, but gracefully handles the buffer becoming full, making sure to output a message
indicating that log messages may have been lost, and not outputting partial log lines. Dinit will
not block and become unresponsive if log output or console output block.

Many alternative service managers do not clearly document the robustness strategies and principles
they adhere to. While I'd like to think no service manager (and particularly no init system) would
ever disregard the issues just outlined, there are clearly exceptions.  In particular, software
written in more dynamic languages often cannot claim allocation robustness since it is not even
necessary clear when allocations are made, and failure will typically result in process
termination or at best services being in an unknown state.

2. Service Dependencies as the Basis of System Management

Dinit has a straight-forward dependency resolution model: services can depend on other
services, and a service cannot run (or continue running) if its dependencies are not met.
Managing services is the primary business of Dinit, and since everything Dinit does externally
is via a service, dependencies are how system management tasks are configured. Booting, for
example, is configured by having a single "boot" service depend on the various other services that
should be started at boot time. Various early-boot tasks such as checking and mounting the main
filesystem hierarchy can be configured as services, which other "long-lived" services depend on.  

There are also soft dependencies ("waits-for" and "depends-ms" in Dinit configuration language)
which do not impose such requirements, but which are useful for for system management ("start XYZ
on boot, but do not fail to boot if XYZ cannot be started").

Dependencies are, with only minor exceptions, the only relationship between services. Services
cannot be configured to conflict with each other, for example; that kind of functionality would
need to be managed externally (if needed at all).

3. Limited Feature Scope

Dinit aims to provide a basic framework for the most fundamental system management: booting,
starting and stopping services, and shutting down. Everything else, then, is delegated to the
services; other aspects of system management should be handled by external (or at least
separable) packages.

While there should be leeway to add features to Dinit at a later point, the guiding principle is
that it should always be possible to build and run Dinit as a standalone service manager which
includes functionality only for the management of services and for simple system tasks
revolving mainly around service management (basically: boot and shutdown).

In general, Dinit aims to integrate with pre-existing system software, such as logging daemons,
device managers and network managers, rather than to replace such software.


Having considered those guiding principles, we'll now take a look at some other service managers,
starting with those that do not perform dependency management.


Systems without dependency management
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A variety of init/supervision packages do not perform proper dependency management
of supervisions. By "proper dependency management" I mean that, broadly speaking:
 - starting a service should automatically start any services that the former
   requires (and wait, if appropriate, until they have started)
 - likewise, stopping a service should automatically stop any dependent services.

Dinit (and various other packages) perform dependency management. The following
packages do not:

 * Daemontools (http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html)
 * Epoch (http://universe2.us/epoch.html)
 * Minit (http://www.fefe.de/minit)
 * Perp (http://b0llix.net/perp/)
 * Runit (http://smarden.org/runit/)

I've read arguments that suggest dependency management isn't really needed: when a service
requires another, the command to start the dependency can be included in the dependent's
startup script; if the dependency goes down, the dependent should presumably fail in some
way and go down itself. Supervision of the service may try to restart it, but should use an
increasing delay to avoid continuously bouncing the service up and down. In my opinion this could
create unnecessary load, unnecessary delay, and noise in logs that might make it more difficult to
pinpoint the cause of problems, though I'll acknowledge that in simpler setups these are unlikely
to be real problems. It may also make it much more difficult to see what else will start
when some particular service is started (or what will stop when a service is stopped).

Not all services will necessarily behave as is required for this type of service management to
work properly. An argument could be made that this is a fault of the particular service / daemon,
but practical considerations may be in play. 

The basic problem of starting login sessions only after system initialisation has (at least
partially) completed is naturally solved with a dependency-managing solution; you can have the tty
sessions (getty) depend on some other service unit which, in turn, depends on the basic system
initialisation services. In non-dependency-handling managers this must usually be special-cased
(eg an "inittab" which is processed once all services have started). Some inits (eg finit) use the
"runlevels" concept from SysV init; they typically start services in run level 0 before any other
services, which gives a kind of single-depth dependency tree.

With all the above in mind, I feel that dependency management allows generally greater flexibility
and control in how services are managed. While this might not always be useful, and comes at a
certain cost of complexity, I argue that it is at least sometimes useful, and that the cost is not
so high. However, to be fair, many systems have successfully taken the simpler approach.


Now, we'll look at some systems which *do* have dependency management: Nosh, OpenRC, S6-RC,
Systemd, and some others.


Nosh suite (https://jdebp.uk/Softwares/nosh/)
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Another seemingly modular init system offering dependency management and socket activation, with
BSD licensing. Service configuration is expressed through directory structure (symbolic links
represent service dependencies, etc;  "start", "stop" and "run" commands are individual scripts
within a service directory bundle). It provides a simple shell-like scripting language which can
be used (via the "nosh" interpreter) to implement service commands without requiring the use of a
full shell. Several "chain loading" utilities are provided to allow running processes in a
different directory, with a different user id, with resource limits, etc.

It was originally designed for BSD systems but works on Linux too (i.e. is portable). It does not
provide a D-Bus interface. 

Compared to Dinit, the two most significant differences appear to be use of a directory structure
for service configuration (Dinit uses a combination of directory structure and ini-style
configuration file), and use of small chain loading utilities to implement service parameters
(Dinit has a wider range of direct configuration options via the service description file).

Nosh seems to be a quite mature system with a range of features that makes it
appear competitive, feature-wise, in terms of system/service management, with
Systemd - though without a lot of the feature-creep extras that can easily be
implemented separately.

It is not clear to me whether Nosh is robust to allocation failure.


OpenRC (Gentoo)
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The OpenRC system used in Gentoo Linux is a dependency-managing service supervision
system with functionality that is similar in some respects to Dinit. According to
Wikipedia, it provides parallel startup of services (like Dinit), though this is
disabled by default. It is designed to be used in conjunction with a primary init
which handles system management and which defers to OpenRC at boot or shutdown to
bring services up or down.

Unusually, OpenRC does not run as a daemon itself; it terminates once it has
established service states. It has some support for integration with service
supervisors such as S6.

Service configuration is specified via a shell script, with the 'openrc-run'
interpreter (which makes certain special shell functions available, and interprets
shell variables once the service script completes. For performance reasons
metadata extracted from the service scripts is cached in an alternative format).

Although the build system seems to have some support for BSD OSes, it did not
build successfully on OpenBSD when tested (revision 33d3f33).


S6-RC (http://skarnet.org/software/s6-rc/s6-rc.html)
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S6-RC provides a dependency-management system over the top of the S6 supervision
system. S6-RC requires compiling the complete set of service descriptions into a
database. Services are configured via a directory structure, with a one-parameter-per-file
style, rather than a single service description file.

As well as services, S6-RC has the concept of service "bundles", named groups
of services that can be started/stopped as a group (Dinit also supports this via
"internal" services, which can group other services via dependencies, though with
slight functional differences as a result).

New services cannot be added once the system is in operation, and service
definitions cannot be changed in general, except by re-compiling the database;
S6-RC will then start any new services as required (and stop any processes no longer
considered part of an active service).

S6-RC in general seems to follow the philosophy of breaking up functionality into smaller
parts and implementing these smaller parts as separate programs, wherever
practical. Thus, process supervision, log file management, and service management
are all separate programs.

In contrast to S6-RC, Dinit does not requires compiling service definitions, instead
loading and parsing them on-the-fly. Also, Dinit incorporates service
supervision and management into a single process (and does not require one
supervisory process per service). On the other hand, the Dinit process is
probably more complex than any of the individual S6-RC components.

S6-RC nicely manages chaining of service standard input/output, facilitating
setting up a logging chain where a logging process consumes the output of a
service, and either can be restarted while losing only minimal (if any)
output from the logs.

It appears that S6-RC supports only hard dependencies: that is, if a service depends
on another, then that other service must start and stay running. Dinit supports a number
of dependency types including "soft" dependencies which allow the dependency to
stop or fail without necessarily stopping the dependent.

It seems likely that S6-RC is resilient to allocation failure (documentation indicates
that various components do not use malloc(), i.e. they do not perform dynamic allocation
at all).

There's an email discussion thread about S6-RC, and an alternative, "anopa", here:
https://www.mail-archive.com/skaware@list.skarnet.org/msg00325.html


Systemd
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Systemd is probably the most widely used init system on Linux as in recent years.
Compared to Dinit, Systemd provides a range of functionality such as:
   - setting priority and various other attributes of the service process that
     Dinit does not support [yet]
   - seat/session management
   - syslogd replacement (or at least, partial replacement)
   - ability to run tasks at certain times
   - inetd replacement (lazily launch services to handle connection to IP ports)
   - asynchronous filesystem check/mount
   - control group (cgroup) / container management
   - private tmp directories for services / login sessions
   - system time management
Some of this functionality can be found in other daemons/packages which can be be used
to supplement the functionality of Dinit or another service manager, and even in the
case of Systemd, some of the functionality is not part of the core process (the
actual systemd binary).

In Systemd terminology, it manages "units" of which services are one type. In practice
this is an issue only of nomenclature; Dinit "services" and Systemd "units" are, I think,
essentially the same thing.

Systemd running in "system" mode does not properly support running with a PID other than
one [1]. That is, it must replace /sbin/init. Systemd can however be run in "user" mode
where it (most likely) provides roughly the same level of functionality as Dinit's user instance,
though in a more complex package.

The Systemd interdependence graph is more complex than for Dinit and most other
dependency-handling service managers: a service can conflict with another service, meaning
that starting one causes the other to stop and vice versa. Systemd implements shutdown
via a special "shutdown" unit which conflicts with other services so that they stop
when the shutdown is "started". Other service managers typically do not implement shutdown
as a service but as a special action; they then don't need to support conflicting
services.

The "shutdown" unit is just one example of a "special" service. Systemd has several such
services, for various purposes, including for tight integration with D-Bus (Systemd
exposes a D-Bus API, and contains its own implementation of the D-Bus protocol).

Systemd makes no attempt to be portable to operating system kernels other than Linux.
The maintainers have stated that they consider it infeasible to port to non-Linux-based
OSes and will refuse patches designed to do so [2]. Dinit, by comparison, strives to be
portable.

[1] http://freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.html as at 18/11/2015
[2] http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfacePortabilityAndStabilityChart/
    as at 18/11/2015


Cinit (http://www.nico.schottelius.org/software/cinit; defunct)
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An obscure init system which apparently offers portability and dependency
management, just as Dinit does. Development appears to have ceased some
time ago, unfortunately.


InitNG (https://github.com/initng/initng; development ceased)
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A highly-modular init system which offers dependency management (as Dinit does). Focused on Linux
but portable (a port for Haiku existed at one point). Development ceased in 2013.


Upstart (Ubuntu; http://upstart.ubuntu.com)
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Upstart does not provide real dependency management; instead "events" (including services
starting or stopping) can be specified to trigger start/stop of other services. That is,
if service A depends on service B, Upstart is configured so as to start A whenever B starts
(and it's not possible, or at least not trival, to start B without also starting A).
This is backwards from the Dinit approach (and that taken by most dependency-managing supervision
systems) which allow the dependencies of a service to be specified declaratively.

Upstart apparently offers a D-Bus interface. Dinit eschews D-Bus in favour of a simple
custom control protocol.


GNU Shepherd (https://www.gnu.org/software/shepherd/)
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This is the init system / service manager used in Guix. It is written in Guile, an interpreted
language which is most likely not robust to allocation failure.

The service descriptions are also written in Guile, though the API is designed to make it easy
to define services without any programming knowledge.

The documentation for GNU Shepherd is currently somewhat incomplete. It appears to offer full
dependency management however.


Finit (http://github.com/troglobit/finit)
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The Finit "fast init" system is minimalistic, with most service configuration via a single line.
However, it also has some advanced features with an obvious lean towards providing practical
functionality and reducing external system dependencies. Finit supports "conditions" which
effectively allow it to support (hard) dependencies. It also supports S6 and Systemd -compatible
readiness notifications.

Feature-wise, key differences compared to Dinit are probably lack of support for soft
dependencies, and finer-grained control of individual services (dinit has a raft of service
options which finit lacks). The finit configuration syntax is noticably terser than dinit's.
